Multi-analyte diagnostic test for thyroid disorders

ABSTRACT

Immunological assays for several biological markers for thyroid disorders in a biological sample are performed in a single test with a combination of sandwich-type, sequential competitive, and serological assays by the use of particles classified into groups that are distinguishable by flow cytometry, one group for the assay of each marker. Each group of particles is coated with a different immunological binding member, and coating densities, co-coating materials, and special buffer solutions are used to adjust for differences in the sensitivities and dynamic ranges of each of the markers in the typical sample.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is a continuation-in-part of application Ser. No.09/302,920 filed Apr. 30, 1999, now U.S. Pat. No. 6,280,618, which inturn is a continuation-in-part of application Ser. No. 08/972,563 filedNov. 18, 1997, now abandoned.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

Thyroid disorders are among the most common endocrinological diseases.Hypothyroidism, in which the thyroid glands produce too little hormone,can reduce the metabolic rate to as low as half the normal rate, whilehyperthyroidism, in which an excess of thyroid hormone is produced, candouble it. Between 8 and 9 million Americans suffer from hypothyroidismand its associated diseases, which include Hashimoto's thyroiditis(chronic lymphocytic thyroiditis) which affects 1 out of 5 women overthe age of 75, nontoxic goiter (iodine deficiencies), neonatal goiter(cretinism), and Riedel's thyroiditis. Approximately 350,000 Americanssuffer from hyperthyroidism in the form of Grave's disease (toxicgoiters or thyrotoxicosis), toxic nodular goiter, neonatalhyperthyroidism, and iatrogenic hyperthyroidism.

Methods for the detection of thyroid disorders utilize several speciesin the bloodstream as biological markers whose levels are measured as anindication of the presence and type of disorder. Triiodothyronine (T3)and thyroxine (T4) are two of the markers. In conditions ofhypothyroidism, the levels of these markers, which are normally withinthe ranges of 1.1–2.9 nmol/L and 64–142 nmol/L in serum, respectively,are low, while in conditions of hyperthyroidism they are elevated.Another marker, thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH), varies in theopposite direction by being elevated in conditions of hypothyroidism anddepressed in conditions of hyperthyroidism, both relative to a normalserum level of 0.5–5 mIU/L. In certain conditions, notably Hashimoto'sthyroiditis, anti-thyroglobulin (anti-Tg) antibodies and anti-thyroidperoxidase (anti-TPO) antibodies (the latter also referred to asantimicrosomal antibodies), which are additional markers, are alsoelevated, although an anti-TPO determination without an anti-Tgdetermination is often considered adequate. Other tests includemeasurements of the basal metabolic rate and closed percutaneousbiopsies of the thyroid.

To diagnose a thyroid disorder by serum analyses, the physician thusneeds to detect the levels of either four or five markers. Using anindividual procedure for each marker can be an expensive undertaking interms of materials, equipment, and labor, and the risk of error isproportional to the number of procedures performed. By contrast, if thephysician can detect all of the markers in a single test, the cost wouldbe less, the probability of error would be significantly decreased, andthe risk of the need for a repeat test (and the awkwardness ofrequesting an additional blood sample from the patient) would belessened. In addition, the time involved in diagnosis, treatment, andrecovery may be substantially reduced.

Unfortunately, the development of a unified or simultaneous testprocedure has thus far been discouraged by the technology required toperform multianalyte analyses and by differences among the properties ofthe particular markers. Some but not all of the markers are antibodies,some are small molecules and others large, and some are present in lowerconcentrations than others and therefore require assays of greatersensitivity. While each can be detected by an immunoassay of some kind,the chemistries of the immunoassay differ from one analyte to the next,and different reagents are added at different times. It is indeed achallenge to accommodate these differences and produce an assay that canprovide individual values for each of the markers and yet be performedin a single reaction mixture.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

It has now been discovered that a single-reaction-mixture multiplexedassay to detect the individual levels of either all five markers or allfive minus anti-Tg can be performed by using a single mixture ofparticles that differ from each other according to a plurality ofgroups, each group having a distinctive property that permits it to bedistinguished from the others by flow cytometry and each group bearing asurface coating of an immunological binding member having selectiveaffinity for one of the analytes to be detected. One group of particles(and in some cases, two groups to achieve a wider range of detection) isthus coated with anti-TSH, a second group is coated with antibodies toT3, a third group is coated with antibodies to T4, and a fourth group iscoated with either TPO or anti-human IgG. If the sample is to be assayedfor Tg, the fourth group will be coated TPO and a fifth group will becoated with Tg. Each group will thus have both a distinctive coating forpurposes of the individual analyte that it is directed to and anadditional distinctive characteristic that will enable it to bedistinguishable by flow cytometry.

The entire mixture of particles is suspended in the sample and thesuspension is incubated for an appropriate period of time to permit theimmunological reaction to occur. The particles are then recovered andresuspended in a solution of labeled binding members which includeslabeled anti-TSH, a labeled analog of T3 and T4 chosen such that theantibody on either the FT3 or FT4 particles has lower affinity towardthe analog than toward T3 or T4, and either labeled anti-human IgG orlabeled TPO. The last binding member will be labeled anti-human IgG ifthe fourth group of particles is coated with TPO and also if the fifthgroup mentioned above is present, and will be labeled TPO if the fourthgroup of particles is coated with anti-human IgG.

After sufficient time has passed for the immunological reaction at thesurfaces of the resuspended particles to occur, the particles arerecovered from the second suspension and the amount of particle-boundlabel is detected while the particles are distinguished by flowcytometry. Individual values are thus obtained for the amounts of TSH,T3, T4, and anti-TPO, and where desired, anti-Tg, in the sample, allobtained from a common assay mixture in which all reagent additions,incubations, particle recovery steps, washing steps, and detection stepsfor each analyte are performed. The assay thus combines a sandwich assayfor TSH with sequential competitive assays for T3 and T4 and aserological assay(s) for TPO (and Tg, where included).

The assays of this invention thus combine a sandwich-type immunoassayfor TSH with sequential competitive immunoassays for T3 and T4 andserological assays for anti-TPO and anti-Tg. The combination of sandwichand sequential competitive assays permits the simultaneous detection ofa molecule sufficiently large to permit binding to two antibodies (TSH)and molecules too small to permit such two-antibody binding (T3 and T4).The combination of sandwich and sequential competitive assays withserological assays permits the simultaneous detection of antigenanalytes and antibody analytes. Furthermore, since levels of the variousanalytes differ considerably with some requiring assays of greatersensitivity than others, accommodations are made by lowering the signalsof some of the assays, notably the anti-TPO and anti-Tg assays. This isachieved by the use of a diluting agent as an additional coating memberon the particles of the respective particle groups, thereby lowering thereaction rate of the immunological reaction. In preferred embodiments,an additional accommodation is made by the addition of polyethyleneglycol to the suspension in which the labeled binding members are added,to increase the reaction rate and hence the sensitivity of the TSHportion of the assay. In further preferred embodiments, two mutuallydistinguishable particle groups are used for the measurement of TSH,each particle group optimized for a different portion of the analyticalrange.

In a further aspect of this invention, individual levels of two markers,TSH and T4, are detected in a single sample by using a single mixture ofparticles divided into groups differing from each other in the mannerdescribed above. This aspect of the invention combines a sandwich-typeassay for TSH with a sequential competitive assay for T4.

Additional objects, features, and advantages of the invention willbecome apparent from the description that follows.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 is a diagram of one assay in accordance with this invention,showing the various particles, binding members, and types of bindingreactions that take place.

FIG. 2 is a diagram of another assay in accordance with this invention,again showing the various particles, binding members, and types ofbinding reactions that take place.

FIG. 3 is a standard curve for TSH generated from a multiplexed assayfor TSH, TPO, FT3 and FT4 in accordance with this invention.

FIG. 4 is a standard curve for TPO generated from a multiplexed assayfor TSH, TPO, FT3 and FT4 in accordance with this invention.

FIG. 5 is a standard curve for FT3 generated from a multiplexed assayfor TSH, TPO, FT3 and FT4 in accordance with this invention.

FIG. 6 is a standard curve for FT4 generated from a multiplexed assayfor TSH, TPO, FT3 and FT4 in accordance with this invention.

FIG. 7 is a standard curve for FT3 generated from a multiplexed assayfor FT4 and FT3 in accordance with this invention.

FIG. 8 is a standard curve for FT4 generated from a multiplexed assayfor FT4 and FT3 in accordance with this invention.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION AND SPECIFIC EMBODIMENTS

A pictorial representation of an assay in accordance with this inventionfor all five markers appears in FIG. 1. The mixture of coated particles11 contains six distinct groups of particles and is represented by acolumn of circles with the letters A (and A′) through E inside thecircles and with either antibodies or antigens attached. Each letterdesignates a distinct group of particles distinguishable from the othersby flow cytometry (A and A′ being distinguishable from each other aswell), and the structures attached to the circles represent the coatingson the particles. Particles A, A′, B, and C have surfaces coated withanti-TSH (both A and A′), anti-T3 (B), and anti-T4 (C) antibodies, eachantibody represented by a sideways “Y” structure with the specificity ofeach antibody indicated on one Fab chain of the structure. Particles Dand E are coated with TPO and Tg, respectively, each represented by adiamond surrounding the abbreviation of the particular antigen. The “A”particles differ in sensitivity from the “A′” particles due todifferences in TSH coating density and particle size.

The sample 12 to be assayed is represented by the column to the right ofthe particles column 11. Included in the sample 12 are the analytes TSH,T3, T4, anti-TPO, and anti-Tg. The TSH, T3, and T4 are represented bythe three diamond structures at the top, respectively, and anti-TPO andanti-Tg are represented by the two “Y” structures at the bottom,respectively.

After incubation, particle recovery, and washing, the following mixtureof particles 13 results:

-   -   “A” and “A′” particles with TSH from the sample bound to the        particles through the anti-TSH coating on the particles. Some        sites on the “A” and “A′” particles remain that do not have TSH        bound to them, but these are not shown since they do not take        part in the remainder of the assay, even though they are present        on the particles.    -   “B” particles with T3 from the sample bound to the particles        through the anti-T3 coating on the particles. Some sites on the        “B” particles remain that do not have T3 bound to them. These        sites are shown as separate particles in the diagram and undergo        binding reactions in succeeding steps of the assay, as described        below.    -   “C” particles with T4 from the sample bound to the particles        through the anti-T4 coating on the particles. Some sites on the        “C” particles remain that do not have T4 bound to them. These        sites are likewise shown as separate particles in the diagram        and undergo binding reactions in succeeding steps of the assay,        as described below.    -   “D” particles with anti-TPO from the sample bound to the        particles through the TPO antigen coating on the particles. Here        again, some sites on the “D” particles will remain that do not        have TPO antibodies bound to them, but they do not take part in        the remainder of the assay, and are therefore not shown.    -   “E” particles with anti-Tg from the sample bound to the        particles through the Tg antigen coating on the particles. Here        as well, less than all of the available sites on the “E”        particles become bound to Tg antibodies, but these free sites        remain unbound for in the remainder of the assay and are        therefore not shown.

This particle mixture is resuspended with a mixture of labeled bindingmembers 14. This mixture includes (i) labeled anti-TSH, (ii) either alabeled analog of T3 and T4 (represented by the diamond containing theindicium “T3/4”) which binds to both anti-T3 and anti-T4 or individuallabeled analogs of T3 and T4 (represented by the indicia “T3A” and“T4A”, respectively) which bind preferentially to anti-T3 and anti-T4,respectively, and (iii) labeled anti-human IgG. The label on each ofthese labeled binding members is represented by an asterisk. The labeledanalog represented by “T3/4” is one toward which both anti-T3 andanti-T4 have less affinity than they have toward T3 or T4 themselves.The analog therefore binds only to those antibodies that have notalready become bound to T3 and T4. The same is true of the individuallabeled analogs T3A and T4A.

After incubation, particle recovery, and washing, the result is aparticle mixture 15 that includes:

-   -   “A” and “A′” particles representing the result of sandwich        assay, the analyte TSH positioned between the anti-TSH coating        on the particle surface and the labeled anti-TSH, the label thus        giving a direct indication of the amount of TSH in the sample.    -   A mixture of “B” particles, labeled and unlabeled, that is the        result of a sequential competitive assay, the labeled “B”        particles (the two alternatives are shown, depending on which        labeled analog was used) representing those sites to which the        analyte T3 did not become bound, thereby giving an inverse        indication of the amount of T3 in the sample.    -   A mixture of “C” particles, labeled and unlabeled, that is the        result of a sequential competitive assay, the labeled “C”        particles (the two alternatives are shown, depending on which        labeled analog was used) representing those sites to which the        analyte T4 did not become bound, thereby giving an inverse        indication of the amount of T4 in the sample.    -   “D” particles representing the result of an indirect or        “antigen-capture” serological assay, the analyte anti-TPO        positioned between the TPO coating on the particle surface and        the labeled anti-human IgG, the label thus giving a direct        indication of the amount of anti-TPO in the sample.    -   “E” particles representing the result of an indirect or        “antigen-capture” serological assay, the analyte anti-Tg        positioned between the Tg coating on the particle surface and        the labeled anti-human IgG, the label thus giving a direct        indication of the amount of anti-Tg in the sample.

FIG. 2 is a pictorial representation of another assay in accordance withthis invention, but one for only four of the marker analytes, TSH, T3,T4, and anti-TPO, and using a direct or “class-capture” serologicalassay for anti-TPO. The mixture of particles 21 in this assay containsonly five distinct groups of particles and is represented by a column ofcircles with the letters A (and A′) through D inside the circles andwith either antibodies or antigens attached, using the same types ofnotations used in FIG. 1. Particles A, A′, B, and C are identical tothose of FIG. 1. Particle D is coated with anti-human IgG, which willbind all IgG antibodies in the sample. Of the labeled binding membersthat are added later, however (as described below), the only one thatwill bind to the IgG antibodies that are thus bound to the D particlesis labeled TPO, and thus only those D particles with anti-TPO will bedetected. Any D particles to which other IgG antibodies are bound willnot take part in the remainder of the assay, and are therefore not shownin the drawing. In preferred embodiments of this assay, no dilutingagent is used in the coating of the D particles. The sample 22 to beassayed is shown as containing the four analytes to be detected.

After incubation of the particles and sample, recovery of the particles,and washing, the result is a particle mixture 23 containing thefollowing:

-   -   “A”, “A′”, “B”, and “C” particles as in FIG. 1, each having the        analyte from the sample bound thereto through the binding member        used to form the coating, with additional “B” and “C” particles        representing sites on these particles which do not have analyte        bound thereto and which will take part in the remainder of the        assay.    -   “D” particles with anti-TPO from the sample bound to the        particles through the IgG coating on the particles.

The particle mixture is resuspended with a mixture of labeled bindingmembers 24, differing from the labeled binding members of the assay ofFIG. 1 by the replacement of the labeled anti-human IgG with labeledTPO. As in FIG. 1, the labels on all of these binding members arerepresented by asterisks.

After incubation, particle recovery, and washing, the result is a finalparticle mixture 25 that contains:

-   -   “A” and “A′” particles representing the result of sandwich        assay, the analyte TSH positioned between the anti-TSH coating        on the particle surface and the labeled anti-TSH, the label thus        giving a direct indication of the amount of TSH in the sample.    -   A mixture of “B” particles, labeled and unlabeled, that is the        result of a sequential competitive assay, the labeled “B”        particles (the two alternatives are shown, depending on which        labeled analog was used) representing those sites to which the        analyte T3 did not become bound, thereby giving an inverse        indication of the amount of T3 in the sample.    -   A mixture of “C” particles, labeled and unlabeled, that is the        result of a sequential competitive assay, the labeled “C”        particles (the two alternatives are shown, depending on which        labeled analog was used) representing those sites to which the        analyte T4 did not become bound, thereby giving an inverse        indication of the amount of T4 in the sample.    -   “D” particles representing the result of a direct or        “class-capture” serological assay, the analyte anti-TPO        positioned between the anti-IgG coating on the particle surface        and the labeled TPO, the label thus giving a direct indication        of the amount of anti-TPO in the sample.

Since the markers anti-TPO and anti-Tg are present in highconcentrations in the typical serum sample while TSH is present in arelatively low concentration, the assay benefits from the use of adiluting agent as a co-coating material for the particles used in theanti-TPO and anti-Tg assays. The diluting agent is so termed because itcompetes for the sites available for binding and therefore lowers thecoating density of the TPO and Tg on the particles. This reduces thesignal from the assays performed on these particles without anysubstantial loss in the precision of the assay. The diluting agent isthus an agent that does not engage in specific binding with any of theanalytes in the sample or with the other assay reagents. Thus, anysubstance capable of being applied to the particles as a coating that isinert toward the analytes and the labeled binding members used in theassay can be used as the diluting agent. Examples are bovine serumalbumin, hydrolyzed porcine gelatin, keyhole limpet hemocyanin,amine-derivatized dextran, and polyacrylic acid. Bovine serum albumin isa preferred example. The amount of diluting agent to be used can vary.Any amount that competes with the TPO and Tg for the binding sites onthe particle surface and that will produce an assay that can bereplicated with acceptable accuracy can be used.

To reduce the anti-TPO signal to a level that will differentiate highpositive from low positive while still being able to attain sufficientassay sensitivity (i.e., being able to differentiate between negativeand low positive), the TPO coating density on the group (iv) particlesis preferably within the range of from about 0.3 ng/cm² to about 1.0μg/cm², and most preferably within the range of from about 0.5 ng/cm² toabout 50 ng/cm². In assays that include anti-Tg, the same range ofcoating densities may be used.

A further means of improving the assay is to increase the sensitivity ofthe TSH assay. This can be achieved by the addition of polyethyleneglycol (PEG) to the suspension in which the final binding reaction isperformed. The labeled binding members and the particles recovered afterincubation of the initial assay reagents with the sample are thussuspended in a buffer solution that contains PEG as an additive. Thiswill increase the signal from the TSH assay by increasing the reactionrate due to the presence of the PEG. The molecular weight of PEG usedare not critical to the invention, provided that the PEG is fullydissolved in the reaction mixture. Optimal molecular weights andproportions may vary depending on other parameters of the assay mixtureand procedure. In most cases, however, the PEG molecular weight willrange from about 2,000 to about 20,000, preferably from about 5,000 toabout 10,000 (and more preferably approximately 8,000), and the quantitywill range from about 0.5% to about 4.0% by weight of the buffersolution, and preferably from about 2.0% by weight to about 3.0% byweight.

The quantity of PEG may also vary, but for most effective results aquantity is chosen that will provide the maximum benefit to thesensitivity of the TSH assay while causing a minimal increase innon-specific binding. The optimal quantity can be determined by varyingthe weight percentage in the conjugate diluent in increments from 0 to5%, performing a TSH assay with each, and observing the level ofnon-specific binding as a function of the PEG level. One should thenselect the highest PEG level that is accompanied by little or noincrease in non-specific binding.

The inclusion of PEG is also useful in embodiments of the invention inwhich only TSH and T4 are being detected. Preferred types and amounts ofPEG for these assays are the same as those described above.

In certain embodiments of the invention, flexibility in the TSHdetection to accommodate a large dynamic range is achieved by using twodistinguishable subgroups of particles for the TSH group, one formeasuring high concentrations of TSH and the other for lowconcentrations. It has been discovered that large particles providehigher sensitivity than relatively small particles, and that the same istrue for particles with a higher coating concentration (regardless ofany size difference). Thus, to enable the measurement of both lowconcentrations and high concentrations of TSH, the two subgroups ofparticles may differ in particle size, coating density or both. In aparticularly preferred embodiment, one subgroup will contain particlesthat are both of a larger size and a higher antibody coatingconcentration than the particles of the other subgroup. The formersubgroup will then be particularly useful for measuring relatively lowconcentrations of TSH while the latter will be particularly useful formeasuring relatively high concentrations. The two subgroups incombination will thus increase the dynamic range of the assay.

The buffer solutions may also contain proteins that stabilize the assayreagents. An example of a suitable protein is bovine gamma globulin in abuffered saline solution at approximately physiological pH.

The labeled binding members include a composition that has immunologicalbinding affinity toward both anti-T3 and anti-T4 but less than T3 or T4themselves so that the composition does not displace T3 or T4 that havealready become bound to the antibodies. The composition will thus be astructural analog of both T3 and T4 or separate structural analogs ofeach. Examples of structural analogs of T3 and T4 that can be used areas follows:

The particles used in the practice of this invention are preferablymicroscopic in size and formed of a polymeric material. Polymers thatwill be useful as microparticles are those that are chemically inertrelative to the components of the biological sample and to the assayreagents other than the binding member coatings that are affixed to themicroparticle surface. Suitable microparticle materials will also haveminimal autofluorescence, will be solid and insoluble in the sample andin any buffers, solvents, carriers, diluents, or suspending agents usedin the assay, and will be capable of affixing to the appropriate coatingmaterial, preferably through covalent bonding. Examples of suitablepolymers are polyesters, polyethers, polyolefins, polyalkylene oxides,polyamides, polyurethanes, polysaccharides, celluloses, andpolyisoprenes. Crosslinking is useful in many polymers for impartingstructural integrity and rigidity to the microparticle. The size rangeof the microparticles can vary and particular size ranges are notcritical to the invention. In most cases, the microparticles will rangein diameter from about 0.3 micrometers to about 100 micrometers, andpreferably from about 0.5 micrometers to about 40 micrometers.

To facilitate the particle recovery and washing steps of the assay, theparticles preferably contain a magnetically responsive material, i.e.,any material that responds to a magnetic field. Separation of the solidand liquid phases, either after incubation or after a washing step, isthen achieved by imposing a magnetic field on the reaction vessel inwhich the suspension is incubated, causing the particles to adhere tothe wall of the vessel and thereby permitting the liquid to be removedby decantation or aspiration. Magnetically responsive materials ofinterest in this invention include paramagnetic materials, ferromagneticmaterials, ferrimagnetic materials, and metamagnetic materials.Paramagnetic materials are preferred. Examples are iron, nickel, andcobalt, as well as metal oxides such as Fe₃O₄, BaFe₁₂O₁₉, CoO, NiO,Mn₂O₃, Cr₂O₃, and CoMnP.

The magnetically responsive material can be dispersed throughout thepolymer, applied as a coating on the polymer surface or as one of two ormore coatings on the surface, or incorporated or affixed in any othermanner that secures the material in to the particle. The quantity ofmagnetically responsive material in the particle is not critical and canvary over a wide range. The quantity can affect the density of themicroparticle, however, and both the quantity and the particle size canaffect the ease of maintaining the microparticle in suspension forpurposes of achieving maximal contact between the liquid and solid phaseand for facilitating flow cytometry. An excessive quantity ofmagnetically responsive material in the microparticles may produceautofluorescence at a level high enough to interfere with the assayresults. It is therefore preferred that the concentration ofmagnetically responsive material be low enough to minimize anyautofluorescence emanating from the material. With these considerationsin mind, the magnetically responsive material in a particle inaccordance with this invention preferably ranges from about 0.05% toabout 75% by weight of the particle as a whole. A more preferred weightpercent range is from about 1% to about 50%, a still more preferredweight percent range is from about 2% to about 25%, and an even morepreferred weight percent range is from about 2% to about 8%.

Coating of the particle surface with the appropriate assay reagent canbe achieved by electrostatic attraction, specific affinity interaction,hydrophobic interaction, or covalent bonding. Covalent bonding ispreferred. The polymer can be derivatized with functional groups forcovalent attachment of the assay reagent by conventional means, notablyby the use of monomers that contain the functional groups, such monomersserving either as the sole monomer or as a co-monomer. Examples ofsuitable functional groups are amine groups (—NH₂), ammonium groups(—NH₃ ⁺ or —NR₃ ⁺), hydroxyl groups (—OH), carboxylic acid groups(—COOH), and isocyanate groups (—NCO). Useful monomers for introducingcarboxylic acid groups into polyolefins, for example, are acrylic acidand methacrylic acid.

Linking groups can be used as a means of increasing the density ofreactive groups on the particle surface and decreasing steric hindrance.This will increase the range and sensitivity of the assay. Linkinggroups can also be used as a means of adding specific types of reactivegroups to the solid phase surface if needed to secure the particularcoating materials of this invention. Examples of suitable useful linkinggroups are polylysine, polyaspartic acid, polyglutamic acid andpolyarginine.

In general, care should be taken to avoid the use of particles thatexhibit high autofluorescence. Particles formed by conventional emulsionpolymerization techniques from a wide variety of starting monomers aregenerally suitable since they exhibit at most a low level ofautofluorescence. Conversely, particles that have been modified toincrease their porosity and hence their surface area, i.e., thoseparticles that are referred to in the literature as “macroporous”particles, are less desirable since they tend to exhibit highautofluorescence. A further consideration is that autofluorescenceincreases with increasing size and increasing percentage ofdivinylbenzene monomer.

Multiplexing with the use of microparticles in accordance with thisinvention is achieved by assigning the microparticles to four, five,six, or more groups, depending on whether the assay is directed to fourthyroid disorder markers, five thyroid disorder markers, or the markersplus other components such as interferents. Each group of particles hasa distinctive differentiation parameter, which renders that groupdistinguishable from the other groups by flow cytometry.

One example of a differentiation parameter is the particle diameter, thevarious groups being defined by nonoverlapping diameter subranges. Thewidths of the diameter subranges and the spacing between mean diametersof adjacent subranges are selected to permit differentiation of thesubranges by flow cytometry, and will be readily apparent to thoseskilled in the use of and instrumentation for flow cytometry. In thisspecification, the term “mean diameter” refers to a number averagediameter. In most cases, a preferred subrange width is about ±5% CV orless of the mean diameter, where “CV” stands for “coefficient ofvariation” and is defined as the standard deviation of the particlediameter divided by the mean particle diameter times 100 percent. Theminimum spacing between mean diameters among the various subranges canvary depending on the microparticle size distribution, the ease ofsegregating microparticles by size for purposes of attaching differentassay reagents, and the type and sensitivity of the flow cytometryequipment. In most cases, best results will be achieved when the meandiameters of different subranges are spaced apart by at least about 6%of the mean diameter of one of the subranges, preferably at least about8% of the mean diameter of one of the subranges and most preferably atleast about 10% of the mean diameter of one of the subranges. Anotherpreferred subrange width relation is that in which the standarddeviation of the particle diameters within each subrange is less thanone third of the separation of the mean diameters of adjacent subranges.

Another example of a differentiation parameter that can be used todistinguish among the various groups of particles is fluorescence.Differentiation is accomplished by incorporating various fluorescentmaterials in the particles, the various fluorescent materials havingdifferent fluorescent emission spectra and being distinguishable on thisbasis.

Fluorescence can in fact be used both as a means of distinguishing thegroups from each other and as a means of detection for the assayperformed on the particle. The use of fluorescent materials withdifferent emission spectra can serve as a means of distinguishing thegroups from each other and also as a means of distinguishing the groupclassification from the assay detections. An example of a fluorescentsubstance that can be used as a means of distinguishing groups isfluorescein and an example of a substance that can be used for the assaydetection is phycoerythrin. In the use of this example, differentparticle groups can be dyed with differing concentrations of fluoresceinto distinguish them from each other, while phycoerythrin is used as thelabel on the various labeled binding members used in the assay.

Still other examples of a differentiation parameter that can be used todistinguish among the various groups of particles are light scatter,light emission, or combinations of light scatter and emission. Sideangle light scatter varies with particle size, granularity, absorbanceand surface roughness, while forward angle light scatter is mainlyaffected by size and refractive index. Thus, varying any of thesequalities can serve as a means of distinguishing the various groups.Light emission can be varied by incorporating fluorescent materials inthe microparticles and using fluorescent materials that have differentfluorescence intensities or that emit fluorescence at differentwavelengths, or by varying the amount of fluorescent materialincorporated. By using fluorescence emissions at various differentwavelengths, the wavelength difference can be used to distinguish theparticle groups from each other, while also distinguishing the labels inthe labeled binding members from the labels that differentiate oneparticle group from another.

In a variation of the above, the microparticles will have two or morefluorochromes incorporated within them so that each microparticle in thearray will have at least three differentiation parameters associatedwith it, i.e., side scatter together with fluorescent emissions at twoseparate wavelengths. For example, the microparticle can be made tocontain a red fluorochrome such as Cy5 together with an orangefluorochrome such as Cy5.5. Additional fluorochromes can be used tofurther expand the system. Each microparticle can thus contain aplurality of fluorescent dyes at varying wavelengths.

Still another example of a differentiation parameter that can be used todistinguish among the various groups of particles is absorbance. Whenlight is applied to microparticles the absorbance of the light by theparticles is indicated mostly by the strength of the laterally(side-angle) scattered light while the strength of the forward-scatteredlight is relatively unaffected. Consequently, the difference inabsorbance between various colored dyes associated with themicroparticles is determined by observing differences in the strength ofthe laterally scattered light.

A still further example of a differentiation parameter that can be usedto distinguish among the various groups of particles is the number ofparticles in each group. The number of particles of each group is variedin a known way, and the count of particles having various assayresponses is determined. The various responses are associated with aparticular assay by the number of particles having each response.

As the above examples illustrate, a wide array of parameters orcharacteristics can be used as differentiation parameters to distinguishthe microparticles of one group from those of another. Thedifferentiation parameters may arise from particle size, from particlecomposition, from particle physical characteristics that affect lightscattering, from excitable fluorescent dyes or colored dyes that impartdifferent emission spectra and/or scattering characteristics to themicroparticles, or from different concentrations of one or morefluorescent dyes. When the distinguishable microparticle parameter is afluorescent dye or color, it can be coated on the surface of themicroparticle, embedded in the microparticle, or bound to the moleculesof the microparticle material. Thus, fluorescent microparticles can bemanufactured by combining the polymer material with the fluorescent dye,or by impregnating the microparticle with the dye. Microparticles withdyes already incorporated and thereby suitable for use in the presentinvention are commercially available, from suppliers such as Spherotech,Inc. (Libertyville, Ill., USA) and Molecular Probes, Inc. (Eugene,Oreg., USA).

The labels used in the labeled binding members may be any label that iscapable of emitting detectable signal. Preferred such labels arefluorophores. As noted above, fluorophores may also be incorporated intothe particles themselves are also a means of distinguishing one group ofparticles from another. A vast array of fluorophores are reported in theliterature and thus known to those skilled in the art, and many arereadily available from commercial suppliers to the biotechnologyindustry. Literature sources for fluorophores include Cardullo et al.,Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 85: 8790–8794 (1988); Dexter, D. L., J. ofChemical Physics 21: 836–850 (1953); Hochstrasser et al., BiophysicalChemistry 45: 133–141 (1992); Selvin, P., Methods in Enzymology 246:300–334 (1995); Steinberg, I. Ann. Rev. Biochem., 40: 83–114 (1971);Stryer, L. Ann. Rev. Biochem., 47: 819–846 (1978); Wang et al.,Tetrahedron Letters 31: 6493–6496 (1990); Wang et al., Anal. Chem. 67:1197–1203 (1995).

The following is a list of examples of fluorophores:

-   4-acetamido-4′-isothiocyanatostilbene-2,2′disulfonic acid-   acridine-   acridine isothiocyanate-   5-(2′-aminoethyl)aminonaphthalene-1-sulfonic acid (EDANS)-   4-amino-N-[3-vinylsulfonyl)phenyl]naphthalimide-3,5 disulfonate-   N-(4-anilino-1-naphthyl)maleimide-   anthranilamide-   BODIPY-   Brilliant Yellow-   coumarin-   7-amino-4-methylcoumarin (AMC, Coumarin 120)-   7-amino-4-trifluoromethylcoumarin (Coumaran 151)-   cyanine dyes-   cyanosine-   4′,6-diaminidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI)-   5′,5″-dibromopyrogallol-sulfonaphthalein (Bromopyrogallol Red)-   7-diethylamino-3-(4′-isothiocyanatophenyl)-4-methylcoumarin-   diethylenetriamine pentaacetate-   4,4′-diisothiocyanatodihydro-stilbene-2,2′-disulfonic acid-   4,4′-diisothiocyanatostilbene-2,2′-disulfonic acid-   5-[dimethylamino]naphthalene-1-sulfonyl chloride (DNS,    dansylchloride)-   4-(4′-dimethylaminophenylazo)benzoic acid (DABCYL)-   4-dimethylaminophenylazophenyl-4′-isothiocyanate (DABITC)-   eosin-   eosin isothiocyanate-   erythrosin B-   erythrosin isothiocyanate-   ethidium-   5-carboxyfluorescein (FAM)-   5-(4,6-dichlorotriazin-2-yl)aminofluorescein (DTAF)-   2′,7′-dimethoxy-4′5′-dichloro-6-carboxyfluorescein (JOE)-   fluorescein-   fluorescein isothiocyanate-   fluorescamine-   IR144-   IR1446-   Malachite Green isothiocyanate-   4-methylumbelliferone-   ortho cresolphthalein-   nitrotyrosine-   pararosaniline-   Phenol Red-   B-phycoerythrin-   o-phthaldialdehyde-   pyrene-   pyrene butyrate-   succinimidyl 1-pyrene butyrate-   quantum dots-   Reactive Red 4 (Cibacron™ Brilliant Red 3B-A)-   6-carboxy-X-rhodamine (ROX)-   6-carboxyrhodamine (R6G)-   lissamine rhodamine B sulfonyl chloride rhodamine (Rhod)-   rhodamine B-   rhodamine 123-   rhodamine X isothiocyanate-   sulforhodamine B-   sulforhodamine 101-   sulfonyl chloride derivative of sulforhodamine 101 (Texas Red)-   N,N,N′,N′-tetramethyl-6-carboxyrhodamine (TAMRA)-   tetramethyl rhodamine-   tetramethyl rhodamine isothiocyanate (TRITC)-   riboflavin-   rosolic acid-   lanthanide chelate derivatives

The fluorophores (or other labels) can be used in combination, with adistinct label for each analyte. Preferably, however, a single label isused for all labeled binding members, the assays being differentiatedsolely by the differentiation parameter distinguishing the individualparticle groups from each other.

The attachment of any of these fluorophores to the binding membersdescribed above to form assay reagents for use in the practice of thisinvention is achieved by conventional covalent bonding, usingappropriate functional groups on the fluorophores and on the bindingmembers. The recognition of such groups and the reactions to form thelinkages will be readily apparent to those skilled in the art.

Methods of and instrumentation for flow cytometry are known in the art,and those that are known can be used in the practice of the presentinvention. Flow cytometry in general resides in the passage of asuspension of the microparticles as a stream past a light beam andelectro-optical sensors, in such a manner that only one particle at atime passes the region of the sensors. As each particle passes thisregion, the light beam is perturbed by the presence of the particle, andthe resulting scattered and fluoresced light are detected. The opticalsignals are used by the instrumentation to identify the subgroup towhich each particle belongs, along with the presence and amount oflabel, so that individual assay results are achieved. Descriptions ofinstrumentation and methods for flow cytometry are found in theliterature. Examples are McHugh, “Flow Microsphere Immunoassay for theQuantitative and Simultaneous Detection of Multiple Soluble Analytes,”Methods in Cell Biology 42, Part B (Academic Press, 1994); McHugh etal., “Microsphere-Based Fluorescence Immunoassays Using Flow CytometryInstrumentation,” Clinical Flow Cytometry, Bauer, K. D., et al., eds.(Baltimore, Md., USA: Williams and Williams, 1993), pp. 535–544; Lindmoet al., “Immunometric Assay Using Mixtures of Two Particle Types ofDifferent Affinity,” J. Immunol. Meth. 126: 183–189 (1990); McHugh,“Flow Cytometry and the Application of Microsphere-Based FluorescenceImmunoassays,” Immunochemica 5: 116 (1991); Horan et al., “Fluid PhaseParticle Fluorescence Analysis: Rheumatoid Factor Specificity Evaluatedby Laser Flow Cytophotometry,” Immunoassays in the Clinical Laboratory,185–189 (Liss 1979); Wilson et al., “A New Microsphere-BasedImmunofluorescence Assay Using Flow Cytometry,” J. Immunol. Meth. 107:225–230 (1988); Fulwyler et al., “Flow Microsphere Immunoassay for theQuantitative and Simultaneous Detection of Multiple Soluble Analytes,”Meth. Cell Biol. 33: 613–629 (1990); Coulter Electronics Inc., UnitedKingdom Patent No. 1,561,042 (published Feb. 13, 1980); and Steinkamp etal., Review of scientific Instruments 44(9): 1301–1310 (1973).

Similarly, methods of and instrumentation for applying and removing amagnetic field as part of an automated assay are known to those skilledin the art and reported in the literature. Examples of literaturereports are Forrest et al., U.S. Pat. No. 4,141,687 (TechniconInstruments Corporation, Feb. 27, 1979); Ithakissios, U.S. Pat. No.4,115,534 (Minnesota Mining and Manufacturing Company, Sep. 19, 1978);Vlieger, A. M., et al., Analytical Biochemistry 205:1–7 (1992); Dudley,Journal of Clinical Immunoassay 14:77–82 (1991); and Smart, Journal ofClinical Immunoassay 15:246–251 (1992). All of the citations in this andthe preceding paragraph are incorporated herein by reference.

The samples that can be analyzed in accordance with this inventioninclude any biological samples that may contain the markers that aresought to be quantified. Examples are serum, blood eluates, plasma,cerebrospinal fluid, urine, and cell extracts. The samples may be humansamples, including those from adult patients as well as children andinfants, or they may be samples from mammals in general, includingdomesticated dogs and other pets as well as livestock, and zoo animals.

EXAMPLES

The following examples are offered for purposes of illustration and areintended neither to limit nor to define the invention in any manner. Thebuffer solutions used in these examples were as follows:

Wash 50 mM phosphate buffer pH 7.4, 150 mM sodium chloride, Buffer: 0.1%sodium azide and 0.1% tween 20. FT4 Particle 50 mM phosphate buffer pH7.4, 150 mM sodium chloride, Coating 0.1% sodium azide, 0.1% tween 20and 0.5% bovine Buffer: gamma-globulin Particle 50 mM phosphate bufferpH 7.4, 150 mM sodium chloride, Diluent: 0.1% sodium azide and 0.25%bovine gamma globulin. Storage 50 mM phosphate buffer, pH 7.4, 150 mMsodium chloride, Buffer: 0.1% sodium azide, 0.1% Tween 20 and 1% bovineserum albumin. Conjugate 50 mM phosphate buffer pH 7.4, 150 mM sodiumchloride, Diluent: 0.1% sodium azide, 2.75% polyethylene glycol 8000 and0.25% bovine gamma-globulin

The particles and other materials used in the examples were prepared asfollows:

Coating of Particles with Anti-TSH Using 12-μm Particles:

Into a microfuge tube were placed 4.23 mg of 12 μm dyed magneticparticles. The particles were then washed 3 times by: adding 1 mL of 25mM 2-(N-morpholino)-ethanesulfonic acid (MES) pH 6.2, centrifuging andpipeting off the supernatant. To the pellet were added: 388 μL deionizedwater, 160 μL 0.5M MES buffer, 184 μL of 94.33 mg/mLN-hydroxysulfosuccinimide (NHSS) in deionized water and 200 μL of 50mg/mL 1-ethyl-3-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)carbodiimide hydrochloride (EDC)in deionized water to the pellet. The tube was agitated for 30 minutes,then centrifuged, and the supernatant was pipetted off and discarded.The particles were then washed 2 times by: adding 1 mL of 25 mM MES pH6.2, centrifuging and pipeting off the supernatant. To the pellet wasadded the following: 129.8 μL deionized water, 25 μL of 0.5M MES and70.2 μL of anti-TSH antibody (386 μg, 5.5 mg/mL). The tube was agitatedfor 4 hours, followed by the addition of 100 μL of a 250 mM ethanolaminesolution in 25 mM MES pH 6.2. The tube for then agitated for 30 minutes,followed by the addition of 750 μL of storage buffer, then centrifuged,and the supernatant pipetted off and discarded. The particles were thenwashed 5 times by: adding 1 mL of storage buffer, centrifuging andpipeting off the supernatant. Storage buffer (1 mL) was then added andthe particles and buffer were kept at 4° C.

Coating of Particles with Anti-TSH Using 8-μm Particles:

Into a microfuge tube was placed 2.82 mg of 8 μm dyed magneticparticles. The particles were washed 3 times by: adding 1 mL of 25 mM2-(N-morpholino)-ethanesulfonic acid (MES) pH 6.2, centrifuging andpipeting off the supernatant. To the pellet were added: 388 μL deionizedwater, 160 μL 0.5M MES buffer, 184 μL of 94.33 mg/mLN-hydroxysulfosuccinimide (NHSS) in deionized water and 200 μL of 50mg/mL 1-ethyl-3-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)carbodiimide hydrochloride (EDC)in deionized water. The tube was agitated for 30 minutes, thencentrifuged, and the supernatant pipetted off and discarded. Theparticles were then washed 2 times by: adding 1 mL of 25 mM MES pH 6.2,centrifuging and pipetting off the supernatant. To the pellet were addedthe following: 25 μL of 0.5M MES and 225 μL of solution of 0.257 mg/mLanti-TSH antibody and 1.716 mg/mL bovine serum albumin. The tube wasagitated for 4 hours, then 100 μL of a 250 mM ethanolamine solution in25 mM MES pH 6.2 were added. The tube was then agitated for 30 minutes,and 750 μL of storage buffer was added. The tube was centrifuged,pipetted off and discarded. The particles were washed 5 times by: adding1 mL of storage buffer, centrifuging and pipetting off the supernatant.Storage buffer (1 mL) was then added and the particles and buffer werekept at 4° C.

Coating of Particles with TPO:

Into a microfuge tube were placed 2.82 mg of 8 μm dyed magneticparticles. The particles were washed 3 times by: adding 1 mL of 25 mM2-(N-morpholino)-ethanesulfonic acid (MES) pH 6.2, centrifuging andpipeting off the supernatant. To the pellet were added: 388 μL deionizedwater, 160 μL 0.5M MES buffer, 184 μL of 94.33 mg/mLN-hydroxysulfosuccinimide (NHSS) in deionized water and 200 μL of 50mg/mL 1-ethyl-3-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)carbodiimide hydrochloride (EDC)in deionized water to the pellet. The tube was then agitated for 30minutes protected from light, then centrifuged, and the supernatantpipetted off and discarded. The particles were then washed 2 times by:adding 1 mL of 25 mM MES pH 6.2, centrifuging and pipeting off thesupernatant. To the pellet were added the following: 25 μL of 0.5M MESand 225 μL of solution of 1.72 μg/mL TPO and 1.716 mg/mL bovine serumalbumin. The tube was then agitated for 4 hours protected from light.After this time, a 250 mM ethanolamine solution (100 μL) in 25 mM MES pH6.2 was added, and the tube was agitated for 30 minutes protected fromlight. Storage buffer (750 μL) was added, and the supernatant wascentrifuged, pipetted off and discarded. The particles were then washed5 times by: adding 1 mL of storage buffer, centrifuging and pipeting offthe supernatant. Storage buffer (1 mL) was added and the particles adbuffer were kept at 4° C.

Coating of Particles with Anti-FT4:

Into a microfuge tube were placed 5.64 mg of 8 μm dyed magneticparticles. The particles were washed 3 times by: adding 1 mL of 25 mM2-(N-morpholino)-ethanesulfonic acid (MES) pH 6.2, centrifuging andpipeting off the supernatant. To the pellet were added: 388 μL deionizedwater, 160 μL 0.5M MES buffer, 184 μL of 94.33 mg/mLN-hydroxysulfosuccinimide (NHSS) in deionized water and 200 μL of 50mg/mL 1-ethyl-3-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)carbodiimide hydrochloride (EDC)in deionized water to the pellet. The tube was agitated for 30 minutesprotected from light, then centrifuge, and the supernatant pipetted offand discarded. The particles were then washed 2 times by: adding 1 mL of25 mM MES pH 6.2, centrifuging and pipeting off the supernatant. To thepellet was added the following: 25 μL of 0.5M, 28.3 μL of 2.73 mg/mLanti-T4 antibody and 196.7 μL deionized water. The tube was agitated for4 hours protected from light, and then a 250 mM ethanolamine solution in25 mM MES pH 6.2 (100 μL) was added. The tube was agitated for 30minutes protected from light, and 750 μL of FT4 particle coating bufferwas added. The tube was centrifuged, and the supernatant pipetted offand discarded. The tube was then washed 5 times by: adding 1 mL of FT4particle coating buffer, centrifuging and pipeting off the supernatant.To the tube was then added 1 mL of FT4 particle coating buffer and thetube was kept at 4° C.

Coating of Particles with Anti-FT3:

Into a microfuge tube were placed 5.64 mg of 8 μm dyed magneticparticles. The particles were washed 3 times by: adding 1 mL of 25 mM2-(N-morpholino)-ethanesulfonic acid (MES) pH 6.2, centrifuging andpipeting off the supernatant. To the pellet was added: 388 μL deionizedwater, 160 μL 0.5M MES buffer, 184 μL of 94.33 mg/mLN-hydroxysulfosuccinimide (NHSS) in deionized water and 200 μL of 50mg/mL 1-ethyl-3-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)carbodiimide hydrochloride (EDC)in deionized water. The tube was then agitated for 30 minutes protectedfrom light, then centrifuged, and the supernatant pipeted off anddiscarded. The tube was then washed 2 times by: adding 1 mL of 25 mM MESpH 6.2, centrifuging and pipeting off the supernatant. To the pellet wasadded the following: 99 μL of 7.8 mg/mL anti-T3 antibody and 151 μL of25 mM MES, pH 6.1. The tube was then agitated for 4 hours protected fromlight, followed by the addition of 100 μL of a 250 mM ethanolaminesolution in 25 mM MES pH 6.2. The tube was then agitated for 30 minutesprotected from light, followed by the addition of 750 μL of FT4 particlecoating buffer. The tube was then centrifuge, and the supernatantpipetted off and discarded. The tube was then washed 5 times by: adding1 mL of FT4 particle coating buffer, centrifuging and pipeting off thesupernatant. FT4 particle coating buffer (1 mL) was then added and theparticles and buffer kept at 4° C.

Preparation of Anti-TSH Labeled with Phycoerythrin (Anti-TSH-PE):

Sulfosuccinimidyl 6-[3′-(2-pyridyldithio)-propionamido]hexanoate(sulfo-LC-SPDP) (4.4 mg) was dissolved in 2 mL of 50 mM PBS (2.2 mg/mL).This solution (20 μL) was added to 250 μL of a 4 mg/mL solution ofB-phycoerythrin in 50 mM PBS, and the resulting solution was allowed tosit in the dark at ambient temperature for 2.5 hours. Into a microfugetube was placed 2.58 mg of anti-TSH antibody. Sulfosuccinimidyl4-[N-maleimidomethyl]-cyclohexane-1-carboxylate (sulfo-SMCC) (4.4 mg)was dissolved in 2 mL of 50 mM PBS. This solution (49.6 μL) was thenadded immediately to the anti-TSH antibody solution, and the resultingsolution was allowed to sit 1 hour in the dark at ambient temperature.After the incubation time had elapsed, a 77 mg/mL solution (62.1 μL) ofdithiothreitol (DTT) in 50 mM PBS was added to the PE+sulfo-LC-SPDPreaction mixture, and the resulting solution was incubated for 30minutes in the dark at ambient temperature. The PE+sulfo-LC-SPDP+DTT andanti-TSH+sulfo-SMCC reaction mixtures were separately dialyzed against 4changes of 1 L of 50 mM PBS (30 minutes between changes of dialysissolution, ambient temperature, protected from light). The dialyzedsolutions were mixed. The antibody-PE mixture was kept at 4° C.overnight protected from light. The next day a solution ofN-ethylmaleimide (2 mg/mL in 50 mM PBS) (10 μL) was added to theantibody-PE mixture, and the resulting mixture was incubated for 1 hourat ambient temperature. After this time the mixture was purified by HPLCusing a size-exclusion column (guard column: SEC400 80×7.8 mm, column:SEC400 300×7.8 mm, mobile phase: 50 mM PBS, flow rate: 1 mL/minute). Tothe combined fractions were added bovine serum albumin (solid) and 10%NaN3 (in deionized water) such that the resulting concentrations were 10mg/mL and 0.1%, respectively.

Preparation of N-t-Butyloxycarbonyl-3,5-diiodotyrosine-phycoerythrin(DITboc-PE):

A 39 mg/mL solution of N-t-butyloxycarbonyl-3,5-diiodotyrosineN-hydroxysuccinimide ester in dimethylsulfoxide solution (10 μL) wasadded to a solution of 700 μL of 1.43 mg/mL B-phycoerythrin in 50 mMphosphate buffer, pH 7.5. The mixture was gently agitated for 4 hours atambient temperature protected from light. After this time the mixturewas purified by HPLC using a size-exclusion column (guard column: SEC40080×7.8 mm, column: SEC400 300×7.8 mm, mobile phase: 50 mM PBS, flowrate: 1 mL/minute).

Preparation of N-Acetyloxycarbonyl-3,5-diiodotyrosine-phycoerythrin(MITboc-PE):

A solution was prepared by dissolving 10 mg of N-acetyl-3-iodotyrosinein 167 μL of dimethylformamide (DMF). This solution (97 μL) was added to6.6 mg of 1-ethyl-3-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)carbodiimide hydrochlorideEDC. To this mixture was added 64 μL of 60 mg/mL N-hydroxysuccinimide inDMF. The resulting mixture was placed on a vortexer for 75 minutes atambient temperature. After this time 97 μL of this reaction mixture wastransferred to 1 mL of 12 mg/mL B-phycoerythrin in 50 mM PBS. Theproduct mixture was wrapped in foil and placed on a vortexer overnightat ambient temperature. The next day the product was purified on aG75-120 size exclusion column (1.5×50 cm) using 50 mM PBS as the mobilephase.

Multiplex Assay Procedure for TSH (Using Both High and Low RangeParticles), TPO, FT4, and FT3:

-   -   1. The anti-TSH-coated particles (both sizes) and the TPO-coated        particles are placed in a microfuge tube where they are washed 3        times by: adding 1 mL of particle diluent, centrifuging and        pipeting off the supernatant. The anti-T4- and anti-T3-coated        particles are then added to the pellet, which is then diluted to        approximately 2×10⁵ particles/mL/region.    -   2. The sample (100 μL) and the mixture of particles of step 1        (100 μL) are placed in a titertube (Bio-Rad Laboratories, Inc.,        Hercules, Calif., USA, Catalog No. 223-9390), and all titertubes        are placed in a rack.    -   3. The rack of titertubes is incubated at 37° C. in a heating        block for 15 minutes with continuous vortexing to keep the        particles suspended. Light is excluded during this period.    -   4. After incubation, the rack of titertubes is placed in a        magnetic separator where the particles are allowed to rest for 3        minutes during which time they are drawn by the magnets to the        sides of the titertubes.    -   5. The supernatant is aspirated.    -   6. Wash buffer (300 μL) is added to each tube.    -   7. The particles are allowed 3 minutes to be drawn by the        magnets to the sides of the titertubes.    -   8. The supernatant is aspirated.    -   9. Steps 6 to 8 are repeated three more times.    -   10. To the particles are added 50 μL of a mixture of the        anti-TSH-PE and DITboc-PE conjugates plus anti-human IgG-PE        (this labeled antibody is obtainable from Jackson Immunoresearch        Laboratories, West Grove, Pa., USA, Catalog No. 109-106-098,)        diluted with conjugate diluent.    -   11. The rack of titertubes is incubated at 37° C. in a heating        block for 15 minutes with light excluded and continuous        vortexing to keep the particles suspended.    -   12. After incubation, the rack of titertubes is placed in a        magnetic separator and allowed 3 minutes for the particles to be        drawn by the magnets to the sides of the titertubes.    -   13. The supernatant is aspirated.    -   14. Wash buffer (300 μL) is added to each tube.    -   15. The particles are allowed 3 minutes to be drawn by the        magnets to the sides of the titertubes.    -   16. The supernatant is aspirated.    -   17. Steps 14 to 16 are repeated once.    -   18. The particles are suspended in 35 μL of wash buffer.    -   19. The titertubes are placed in a light-tight box until read by        a LX100 instrument (Luminex Corporation, Austin, Tex., USA) in        multiplex mode.

Standard curves for TSH, TPO, FT4, and FT3 that were generated usingthis assay procedure are shown in FIGS. 3, 4, 5, and 6, respectively.

Multiplex Assay Procedure for FT4 and FT3:

-   -   1. The anti-T4 and anti-T3 coated particles are placed in a        microfuge tube and diluted to approximately 2×10⁵        particles/mL/region.    -   2. The sample (100 μL) and 100 μL of the mixture of particles of        step 1 are placed in a titertube (Bio-Rad Laboratories, Inc.,        Catalog No. 223-9390). All titertubes are placed in a rack.    -   3. The rack of titertubes is incubated at 37° C. in a heating        block for 5 minutes with light excluded and continuous vortexing        to keep the particles suspended.    -   4. After incubation, MITboc-PE (50 μL) diluted with particle        diluent is added.    -   5. The rack is returned to the heating block and vortexed        continuously for 15 minutes with light excluded.    -   6. The rack of titertubes is then placed in a magnetic separator        and allowed 3 minutes for the particles to be drawn by the        magnets to the sides of the titertubes.    -   7. The supernatant is aspirated.    -   8. Wash buffer (300 μL) is added to each tube.    -   9. The particles are allowed 3 minutes to be drawn by the        magnets to the sides of the titertubes.    -   10. The supernatant is aspirated.    -   11. Steps 8 to 10 are repeated two more times.    -   12. DITboc-PE diluted with conjugate diluent (50 μL) is then        added.    -   13. The rack of titertubes is incubated at 37° C. in a heating        block for 15 minutes with light excluded and continuous        vortexing to keep the particles suspended.    -   14. The rack of titertubes is then placed in a magnetic        separator, and allowed 3 minutes for the particles to be drawn        by the magnets to the sides of the titertubes.    -   15. The supernatant is aspirated.    -   16. Wash buffer (300 μL) is added to each tube.    -   17. The particles are allowed 3 minutes to be drawn by the        magnets to the sides of the titertubes.    -   18. The supernatant is aspirated.    -   19. Steps 16 to 18 are repeated two more times.    -   20. The particles are suspended in 35 μL of wash buffer.    -   21. The titertubes are read using a LX100 instrument in        multiplex mode.

Standard curves for FT3 and FT4 that were generated using this assayprocedure are shown in FIGS. 7 and 8, respectively.

The foregoing is offered primarily for purposes of illustration. It willbe readily apparent to those skilled in the art that the operatingconditions, materials, procedural steps and other parameters describedherein may be further modified or substituted in various ways withoutdeparting from the spirit and scope of the invention. It will also beapparent that the features of this invention may be adaptable to otheranalytes and analyte combinations to permit the simultaneous performanceof different types of immunological assays on a single sample and in asingle reaction mixture.

1. A method for analyzing a single patient sample to simultaneouslydetermine levels of thyroid stimulating hormone, triiodothyronine,thyroxine, and thyroid peroxidase, as a collective indication of thyroiddisorders, said method comprising: (a) incubating said sample with amixture of particles in a first suspension, said mixture of particlescomprised of groups (i) through (iv): (i) particles coated withanti-thyroid stimulating hormone, (ii) particles coated withanti-triiodothyronine, (iii) particles coated with anti-thyroxine, and(iv) particles coated with a mixture of a diluting agent and a memberselected from the group consisting of thyroid peroxidase and anti-humanIgG, the particles of each group distinguishable from the particles ofeach other group by a flow cytometry distinguishable characteristic thatis independent of the coatings of subparagraphs (i), (ii), (iii), and(iv); (b) recovering said particles from said first suspension, andincubating said recovered particles with a mixture of labeled bindingmembers capable of binding to the recovered particles in a secondsuspension said mixture of labeled binding members comprising: (1)labeled anti-thyroid stimulating hormone, (2) a labeled analogcomposition toward which anti-triiodothyronine and anti-thyroxine haveimmunological binding affinity, but in which said immunological bindingaffinity is less than that of anti-triiodothyronine towardtriiodothyronine and of anti-thyroxine toward thyroxine, and (3) eitherlabeled anti-human IgG when particles of group (iv) are coated withthyroid peroxidase, or labeled thyroid peroxidase when particles ofgroup (iv) are coated with anti-human IgG; said diluting agent beinginert toward said biological markers and said labeled binding members;and (c) recovering said particles from said second suspension anddetecting the amount of label bound to said particles thus recoveredfrom said second suspension while correlating by flow cytometry theamount of label thus detected to the group to which said label is bound,thereby simultaneously obtaining values individually representative ofthe levels of thyroid stimulating hormone, triiodothyronine, thyroxine,and anti-thyroid peroxidase.
 2. A method in accordance with claim 1 inwhich said particles of group (iv) are coated with a mixture of saiddiluting agent and anti-human IgG and said labeled binding member (3) islabeled thyroid peroxidase.
 3. A method in accordance with claim 1 inwhich: said particles of group (iv) are coated with a mixture of saiddiluting agent and thyroid peroxidase, said labeled binding member (3)is labeled anti-human IgG, said mixture of particles further comprisesgroup (v), which consists of particles coated with a mixture of adiluting agent and thyroglobulin, and step (c) comprises simultaneouslyobtaining values individually representative of the levels of thyroidstimulating hormone, triiodothyronine, thyroxine, anti-thyroidperoxidase, and anti-thyroglobulin.
 4. A method in accordance with claim1 in which said labeled analog composition of (b)(2) is a single specieshaving immunological binding affinity to both anti-triiodothyronine andanti-thyroxine.
 5. A method in accordance with claim 4 in which saidsingle species is a member selected from the group consisting of labeledN-tert-butyloxycarbonyl-3,5-diiodo-L-thyronine, labeledN-acetyl-3-iodo-L-tyrosine, labeledN-tert-butyloxycarbonyl-3′,3,5-triiodo-L-thyronine, labeledN-tert-butyloxycarbonyl-3,5-diiodo-L-tyrosine, labeledN-acetylphenylalanyl-3,5-diiodo-L-tyrosine, labeledN-acetyl-3,5-dibromo-L-tyrosine, and labeledN-acetyl-3,5-diiodo-L-tyrosine.
 6. A method in accordance with claim 4in which said single species is labeled N-acetyl-3-iodo-L-tyrosine.
 7. Amethod in accordance with claim 1 in which said labeled binding membersare binding members labeled with fluorescent labels.
 8. A method inaccordance with claim 7 in which said fluorescent labels areB-phycoerythrin.
 9. A method in accordance with claim 1 in which saidlabeled analog composition of (b)(2) is a combination of two distinctspecies, one having immunological binding affinity toanti-triiodothyronine and another having immunological binding affinityto anti-thyroxine.
 10. A method in accordance with claim 1 in which saidlabeled binding members are labeled with a common label.
 11. A method inaccordance with claim 1 in which said particles comprise magneticallyresponsive material and recovery of said particles in steps (b) and (c)is achieved by subjecting said first and second suspensions,respectively, to a magnetic field to cause said particles to adhere to areaction vessel wall.
 12. A method in accordance with claim 1 in whichsaid particles include dyes, each of groups (i) through (iv) including adistinct dye that is distinguishable by flow cytometry over the dyes ofeach other group, and step (c) comprises distinguishing such dyes byflow cytometry while detecting the amount of label bound to saidparticles.
 13. A method in accordance with claim 1 in which saiddiluting agent is a member selected from the group consisting of bovineserum albumin, hydrolyzed porcine gelatin, keyhole limpet hemocyanin,amine-derivatized dextran, and polyacrylic acid.
 14. A method inaccordance with claim 1 in which said diluting agent is bovine serumalbumin.
 15. A method in accordance with claim 1 in which said secondsuspension of step (b) comprises said recovered particles and saidlabeled binding members suspended in a buffer solution in which bovinegamma globulin is a solute in a saline solution at approximatelyphysiological pH.
 16. A method in accordance with claim 1 in which saidsecond suspension of step (b) comprises said recovered particles andsaid labeled binding members suspended in a buffer solution in whichpolyethylene glycol is a solute at a concentration of from about 0.5% toabout 4.0% by weight.
 17. A method in accordance with claim 1 in whichsaid second suspension of step (b) comprises said recovered particlesand said labeled binding members suspended in a buffer solution in whichpolyethylene glycol is a solute at a concentration of from about 2.0% toabout 3.0% by weight.
 18. A method in accordance with claim 1 in whichsaid particles of group (iv) have a thyroid peroxidase coating densityof from about 0.3 ng/cm² to about 1.0 μg/cm².
 19. A method in accordancewith claim 1 in which said particles of group (iv) have a thyroidperoxidase coating density of from about 0.5 ng/cm² to about 50 ng/cm².20. A method in accordance with claim 1 in which group (i) is comprisedof two subgroups differing from each other by particle size such thatone subgroup provides a substantially greater sensitivity for measuringlower concentrations of TSH, than the other.
 21. A method according toclaim 20 in which one group of particles provides a greater sensitivityfor measuring lower concentrations of TSH than the other, and the secondsubgroup of particles provides a greater sensitivity for measuringhigher concentrations of TSH than the other.
 22. A method in accordancewith claim 1 in which group (i) is comprised of two subgroups differingfrom each other by coating density of anti-thyroid stimulating hormonesuch that one subgroup provides a substantially greater sensitivity formeasuring lower concentrations of TSH, than the other.
 23. A methodaccording to claim 22 in which one group of particles provides a greatersensitivity for measuring lower concentrations of TSH than the other,and the second subgroup of particles provides a greater sensitivity formeasuring higher concentrations of TSH than the other.
 24. A method inaccordance with claim 1 in which group (i) is comprised of two subgroupsdiffering from each other by both particle size and coating density ofanti-thyroid stimulating hormone such that one subgroup provides asubstantially greater sensitivity for measuring lower concentrations ofTSH, than the other.
 25. A method according to claim 24 in which onegroup of particles provides a greater sensitivity for measuring lowerconcentrations of TSH than the other, and the second subgroup ofparticles provides a greater sensitivity for measuring higherconcentrations of TSH than the other.